Emotional Problems in Later Life: Common Issues in Late Life Are Retirement, Divorce, Widowhood, Misues of Prescription Drugs, Suicide, and Neglect
of labor.
Retirement may disrupt this structure. Isolation can result for those whose social life revolved around time spent with co-workers and who never developed a circle of friends outside the workplace. If retirement is accompanied by the decision to sell the marital home and relocate, the adjustment can be more difficult. Moving to another state, away from support systems in the neighborhood, the church, and the community, can result in times of loneliness and isolation. Older adults tend to find comfort and security in familiar surroundings. Financial concerns are a major issue when facing retirement. Most people have not been able to arrange their retirement income to maintain the same standard of living experienced
during the employed years. Incomes are usually fixed and are only a portion of the previous income. Social Security alone is well below poverty level. Adjusting to a reduced income can result in stress and worry about the financial stability of the future. Plans for a wonderful retirement may not be realized. Adjustment to retirement is not automatic. Retirement means change, whether welcomed or dreaded. Counselors can help the process along by being aware of the impact of this major life transition and can facilitate the adjustment by offering realistic suggestions for problem solving. For example, retirees have much to offer, and serving as a volunteer can enhance ones self-image and fulfill the need to be needed.
*Late Life Divorce and Widowhood*
Marriages are dissolved in two ways: by death or divorce. Either way, the loss is painful. Divorce is a time of crisis and one of life’s most stressful events. It is often compared to the death of ones spouse, especially with regard to the emotional impact and the need to reorganize ones life. Divorce in late life is especially difficult and profoundly affects the quality of life for the elderly. It tears apart a relationship that has existed for many years and forces both parties into new lifestyles that bring changes in every facet of everyday life. Although both men and women experience difficulties as a result of divorce, women are especially impacted. In her 10-year longitudinal study on divorce adjustment, Judith Wallerste in found that the economic, social, and emotional status of older women was distinctly different from that of the other subjects.3 Older women faced worse economic troubles as their incomes declined significantly. They experienced more widespread anxiety and loneliness, decreased involvement in interpersonal relationships, and none of the older women remarried.
The differences between older women and all other subjects was striking and sobering. This does not suggest that older men do not suffer economic, social, and emotional consequences. They experience the same difficulties that older women do; however, they tend to remarry at a much higher rate than older women do. As age increases, the opportunity for women Give away your life; you’ll find life given back, but not merely given back given back with bonus and blessing. Luke 6:38
(The Message, E.H. Peterson translation)to remarry decreases greatly because they outnumber men. Currently, older women outnumber older men in every state in the United States except Alaska where the ratio is equal. Loss of a marriage impacts the quality of life and requires changes in ones lifestyle, but there are significant differences between divorce and widowhood. Those who have lost a spouse through death are afforded a parting ritual (funeral) and an extended period of time to grieve. The divorced are expected to get on with life. Sympathy and compassion are not equally distributed between the two situations. Death generously allows the widow the comfort of remembering the good times, while divorce tends to flood the memory with the bad times. The widowed have pictures to remind them of past joys with their spouses; the divorced often must still encounter the ex-spouse and re-experience the anger and pain. Economically, widowed and divorced older adults have a lower standard of living. And the older woman may be plunged to poverty level.
For the widow, there is often a downward adjustment on the pension and social security that results in income somewhat less than when the husband was alive. For the divorcee, access to the former husbands pension is usually denied, and the ex-wife has only her Social Security and any settlement awarded by the court. For women who have not participated in the workforce, Social Security is meager. Most older divorced women and many widows experience a severe decline in economic status. Socially and emotionally, divorced and widowed older adults must reorganize their support networks. The divorced may lose support from the ex-spouses family and from friends shared during the marriage. Widows are more likely to maintain some support from extended family and shared